Creating Human Organs

BANGI,  28 July 2010. After successfully culturing human skin tissue using

 tissue engineering technology, UKM researchers are now going inside the 

human body trying to create other organs.

Some of the organs that they have began culturing is the heart, bone, 
cartilage, respiratory epithelium (wind pipe), nerve, conjuctiva and even
 cornea that covers the eye. They hope to make human tissues and organs
 or at the very least find a way to aid the repair of tissues or organs with
 regenerative medicine.

Professor Dr Ruszymah Idrus, Head of Tissue Engineering Centre at UKM Medical Centre, when explaining the work 
that is being carried out at the Centre said:

“Our dream is to make tissues or organs like kidney, liver and heart. These are organs that cannot regenerate
 and if they failed, the patient will be very sick and die. We started with cartilage cells and then skin cells., We 
began with the cells that can be cultured relatively easier. After that we move on to more difficult cells.”

The research in tissue engineering started in 1999 in UKMMC when UKM researchers  first started to 
engineer human cartilage. Dr Ruszymah’s husband Dr Aminuddin Saim who is an Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT)
 Surgeon came across a number of infants being born without an ear.

So they began to replicate an experiment which was done in Harvard Medical School where they both had 
Post-Doctoral Training. Human chondrocytes was successfully cultured and reconstructed into a 3-D ear lobe with
 the help of a scaffold. The experiment in Harvard did not use human cells. The implant was inserted at the back 
of a nude mice. A nude mice is an animal that do not reject human cells. Amazingly the human ear matured and
 feels like a normal ear lobe.  

“It is a small one because we wanted to test the technique whether it works, That was human ear at the back o
f the mouse made from human cartilage cells” said Dr Ruszymah.

To appreciate what regenerative medicine is all about and how it can lead to replacing body parts, some 
understanding about this relatively new medical segment of tissue engineering is necessary.

Understanding Tissue engineering

The field of tissue engineering began when knowledge about 
cells and how they behave were known. In 1838-1839,
 Schleiden and Schwann formulated the so-called "Cell Theory" 
based on their microscopic findings. The theory dictates that
 cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and as a building
 block in the construction of organisms. 

Analogically, cells are like employees working in a corporate
 entity. The company make things happen but it is the individuals who keep the smooth running of the company. Just think of the employees as human cells and the company is 
the human body

 If a company wants a winning position in the industry, it must have good and competent employees. This can happen by sending the workers out for training nurturing them
 to work towards the company’s goal instead of against it. 
This is what tissue engineering is all about, sending cells to
 team building camp so they would work towards better health for the human body. 

What this completely new segment of tissue engineering does to a patient is it gives them shorter recovery period
 and less traumatic medical treatment. Imagine a person who needs a knee replacement, instead of having his
 knee cut open and replaced by foreign object, all he will need is an injection and his kneecap will grow back again.

Manufacturing human organs

Similarly, ever since that discovery of the cell theory, scientists have been intrigue with the notion whether 
human cell can be trained outside the human body, pretty much like employees sent by their companies to a team
 building camp. When they discovered that it is possible to do so; to train or manipulate cell, outside the human 
body, now they are taking it a step further. 

“Tissue engineering is about making human body parts with their own stem cells, if for instance a person’s cornea
 is damaged, by manipulating the stem cells from the patient, a new cornea can be created to replace 
the damaged cornea and prevent the patient from blindness,” said Dr Ruszymah.

Heart in progress

Unlike other body parts that have their own healing mechanism, the heart however, cannot heal itself. Currently
 the treatment of coronary heart problems is a by-pass surgery which involves harvesting a vein from your 
leg, cutting his chest open, stopping the heart and stitching the vein taken from the leg to the heart, making a new
 highway for blood to flow into the heart. 

UKM researchers are now working on ways to simplify that process with tissue engineering technology. In the 
future repairing a heart blocked by cholesterol and fat will not involve the cutting open of the heart as in present day surgery. 

“In UKM we’ve just started to culture heart cells.  Of course, we do not culture human heart but we are trying it 
on sheep. In the future, if people have a severe heart attack, we can inject their own stem cell, which have been
 treated to the damage site. It can then grow into new heart muscles and blood vessel.”

Instead of harvesting a vein from the patient’s leg, the blood vessels will grow by itself on the heart. 
This will make open heart surgery today look somewhat barbaric.

Cornea

The researchers have also successfully used tissue-engineering technology to make cornea the layer at the 
front of the eye. If the cornea is damaged, it will become opaque and this will prevent light to enter the eye and causes blindness.

Dr Ruzymah said her team has already achieved success in making cornea and they are waiting to do clinical
 testing before they can bring it to the bed side.

The difference of the cornea tissue engineered by UKM researchers is that they are fully autologous.

“Though there are many places in the world which make cornea but this is fully autologous. The problem with 
autologous engineered tissue is the problem of tissue delivery, it’s difficult to transfer from one geographical
 area to another. Although there are other centres making cornea, the product is not available to our Malaysian 
population.” said Dr Ruszymah.

Cartilage and Bones

Experiments on animals also prove  to be successful for knee joint. This is especially a blessings for osteoathritis 
patients who suffer from debilatating joint pains.

The pain is caused, by damage cartilage in the knee, basically the part that connects the upper leg and the
 lower leg. So when the knee joint rub against each other it causes immense pain. The present treatment is knee
 replacement.

“We’ve also investigated focal defect and osteoarthritis of the knee joint in sheep. The knee joint has a tendency
 to be damaged in sports injury and as we grow old. These injuries can be treated with stem cells injection. 
We’ve proven this in our animal model and the next step is human clinical trial.” said Dr Ruszymah.

What it means really is that the knee joint can be grown back, instead of having to go for a knee replacement.

“ We can also treat non union (bone that does not heal after a fracture with the normal treatment) bones using
 tissue engineering technology, we can connect the bone,” she said.
When a bone is broken the present method is  doctors will assist the bone with steel plate 
allowing the broken bones to unite. But using the tissue engineering technology formulated by UKM
 researchers non-union fractured bones can be reconnected again.